Irrevocable life insurance trust
Since estate taxes are imposed upon all the assets in the estate, 许多人更愿意通过重新安排这些资产来纳税,而不是依靠他们目前的收入.
实现这一目标的一种方法是不可撤销人寿pp王者电子官网信托(ILIT)。. 为防止将不可撤销信托纳入遗产,设保人不得撤销或修改该信托.
- Funded irrevocable insurance trusts: This trust has income-producing assets transferred into it, 谁将从所得收入中支付pp王者电子官网单上的pp王者电子官网费. 不可撤销人寿pp王者电子官网信托通常不是由单一的, 一次性支付,因为转让资产的赠与税与遗产中剩余资产的联邦遗产税是一样的. Also, if the trust is a "grantor trust"for income tax purposes, 从这些资产中获得的收入仍将包括在被pp王者电子官网授予人的所得税申报表中. See IRC Sec. 677(a)(3).
- Unfunded irrevocable insurance trusts: Although this trust is not totally unfunded, 它通常只拥有一份pp王者电子官网单,并且授予人每年向信托作出赠与,受托人可以用这些赠与支付pp王者电子官网费.
Some areas of concern
- Trust is irrevocable: 这意味着一旦将任何东西放入信托,授予人就无法获得任何东西. 一些人建议,如果被pp王者电子官网人的子女拥有特殊的委任权,将允许该子女将信托资产委托给被pp王者电子官网人或其他人. 在一个不确定的遗产规划环境中,这种灵活性可能是非常可取的. 受托人需要被授权重新指定信托资产,而不对信托受益人承担责任.
- Annual gift tax exclusion may be lost: 对信托的贡献通常是“未来”的利益,而不是“现在”的利益. 未来的权益通常不符合每年1.7万美元(2023年)的赠与税免税额. 这种担忧可以通过给予受益人有限的权力,在赠与人作出捐款后的短时间内从信托中提取某些款项来克服. 这有时被称为克拉姆条款,因为该案决定了这种技术的有效性[克拉姆诉. U.S., 397 F.2d 82 (CA-9, 1968)]. 本案中规定的规则和随后的裁决必须认真遵守. Crummey power holders should be actual trust beneficiaries; however, the tax court allowed contingent beneficiaries (e.g., children, grandchildren, etc.) to qualify in Est. of Maria Cristofani vs. Comm., 97 T.C. 74 (1991).
- Non-exercise of withdrawal powers: 受益人未能提取克拉姆条款所允许的金额,将导致该权力失效. Lapsed amounts in excess of specified limits (the greater of $5,通常被认为是受益人的应税赠与. However, 如果受益人被赋予有限的权力来指定超过这些限额的金额(在他或她的遗嘱中), the power is deemed not to lapse and therefore no gift tax is due. 处理这个问题的另一种策略被称为“悬挂”权力. 它将每年到期的金额限制在5,000美元或信托资产的5%之间的较大者. 超过这一限额的任何金额都将“挂起”或结转到以后的年份. The IRS has, in one situation, stated its opposition to this method. See TAM 8901004.
- Three-year rule: 被pp王者电子官网人将现有人寿pp王者电子官网转让给不可撤销的人寿pp王者电子官网信托,被pp王者电子官网人在转让后三年内死亡的, the policy proceeds will be included in the insured's estate. IRC Sec. 2035. On the other hand, 受托人以信托现金购买被pp王者电子官网人人寿pp王者电子官网,被pp王者电子官网人在三年内死亡的, the proceeds will generally be excluded from his or her estate. 应注意确保被pp王者电子官网人在pp王者电子官网单中没有所有权事件或对受托人的控制权.
Seek professional guidance
Because of the complexity involved, the guidance of appropriate tax, legal, and other financial professionals is highly recommended.